{"id":1035,"date":"2016-10-16T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-10-16T20:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fir3netwp.gmsrrpobkbd.com\/2016\/10\/16\/a-beginners-guide-to-git\/"},"modified":"2021-07-31T17:00:17","modified_gmt":"2021-07-31T17:00:17","slug":"a-beginners-guide-to-git","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html","title":{"rendered":"A Beginners Guide to Git"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-662ed7dde3f08\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-662ed7dde3f08\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#What_is_Git\" title=\"What is Git?\">What is Git?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Create_Repository\" title=\"Create Repository\">Create Repository<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Workflow\" title=\"Workflow\">Workflow<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#AddCommit\" title=\"Add\/Commit\">Add\/Commit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Branches\" title=\"Branches\">Branches<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Pushing\" title=\"Pushing\">Pushing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#FetchMerge_Vs_Pull\" title=\"Fetch\/Merge Vs Pull\">Fetch\/Merge Vs Pull<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Clone_vs_Fork\" title=\"Clone vs Fork\">Clone vs Fork<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Merge\" title=\"Merge\">Merge<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Log\" title=\"Log\">Log<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Diff\" title=\"Diff\">Diff<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Stash\" title=\"Stash\">Stash<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#References\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\/#Additional_Resources\" title=\"Additional Resources\">Additional Resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Git\"><\/span>What is Git?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Git is a version control system that is used for software development and other version control tasks. As a distributed revision control system it is aimed at speed, data integrity, and support for distributed, non-linear workflows[1].<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Create_Repository\"><\/span>Create Repository<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To create a new repository, the command <span class=\"codeinline\">git init<\/span> is used, within your directory. The repository is contained within the <span class=\"codeinline\">.git<\/span> folder.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Workflow\"><\/span>Workflow<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Three trees are maintained by git, within your local repository. They are,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Working Directory<\/strong> consists of the actual files you are working on.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Staging Area (Index)<\/strong> used for preparing commits. All changes that you want to commit are staged on the first. The index provides greater control over what changes should be committed into the Repository.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Object Store (Repository) <\/strong>contains committed changes from the staging area.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/images_articles_high-level-commands.avif 462w,https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/images_articles_high-level-commands-300x291.avif 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" type=\"image\/avif\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/images_articles_high-level-commands.webp 462w,https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/images_articles_high-level-commands-300x291.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" type=\"image\/webp\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/images_articles_high-level-commands.png\" height=\"448\" width=\"462\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/images_articles_high-level-commands.png 462w, https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/images_articles_high-level-commands-300x291.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1034 sp-no-webp\" alt=\"high-level-commands\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"  > <\/picture><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"AddCommit\"><\/span>Add\/Commit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Files can be added to the staging area by using either <span class=\"codeinline\">git add &lt;filename&gt;<\/span> or <span class=\"codeinline\">git add .<\/span> (for all modified files).<br \/>\nTo commit the files from the staging area to the local repository use <span class=\"codeinline\">git commit -m &#8220;comment&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Branches\"><\/span>Branches<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Branches are used to develop new features in isolation. Once the changes\/branch have been tested, the branch is then merged back into master branch. The <em>feature branch<\/em> is then deleted. Below are the main branch commands,<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-condensed table-borderless table-minimal\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git checkout -b feature-add_button<\/span><\/td>\n<td>create new branch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git checkout master<\/span><\/td>\n<td>switch to master branch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git branch -d feature-add_button<\/span><\/td>\n<td>delete branch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git branch<\/span><\/td>\n<td>list branches<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pushing\"><\/span>Pushing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To push the changes from your local repository to a remote repository (i.e github) enter <span class=\"codeinline\">git push origin master<\/span>. It is worth noting that <span class=\"codeinline\">master<\/span> relates to the name of the remote branch.<\/p>\n<p>If you have not cloned an existing repository and want to connect your repository to a remote server, you will need to add it with the commands <span class=\"codeinline\">git remote add origin &lt;server&gt;<\/span> <sup>[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FetchMerge_Vs_Pull\"><\/span>Fetch\/Merge Vs Pull<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To update your local branch\/repository with new commits, you can either perform a pull or a fetch then merge. Let me explain,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Git Fetch<\/strong> obtains new commits from the remote repo and adds them within the local repository. Like so, <span class=\"codeinline\">git fetch origin master<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Git Merge<\/strong> is used to merge the changes obtained via git fetch to the local branch. To merge to the current branch enter <span class=\"codeinline\">git merge feature-add_button<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Git Pull<\/strong> combines both fetch and merge commands together <span class=\"codeinline\">git pull origin master<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clone_vs_Fork\"><\/span>Clone vs Fork<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>So that you can work on code independently from a project there are 2 methods, <strong>fork<\/strong> and <strong>clone<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>But what are the differences?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fork<\/strong> creates a copy of the repository within your own Github account.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Clone<\/strong> allows you to download the repository locally, along with all of the commit history using the git client. Below is an example on how you would clone a specific branch from a repository,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre class=\"prettyprint\">git clone git@github.com:felix001\/commontools.git -b development<\/pre>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Merge\"><\/span>Merge<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are 3 ways that changes are merged by Git. They are,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fast-Forward<\/strong> &#8211; Simplest, No changes are detected on the parent branch. All other commits are added to the parent branch, appearing like there was never a branch.<\/li>\n<li class=\"_mce_tagged_br\"><strong>Automatic<\/strong> &#8211; Occurs when non-conflicting merges occur. The child branch timeline is preserved and a automatic merge commit is created to show the merging of the 2 branches.<\/li>\n<li class=\"_mce_tagged_br\"><strong>Manual<\/strong> &#8211; Occurs when git is unable to automatically resolve any conflicts. All merge conflicts must be resolved before proceeding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Log\"><\/span>Log<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The <span class=\"codeinline\">git log<\/span> command allows you to review your commit history within your repository.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"prettyprint\">$ git log\r\ncommit f790effc8afab5915998964800c4a7b4f472edf8\r\nAuthor: felix001 &lt;<span id=\"cloaka8f89090fe8291d39c86a4b2187bb9d6\">rick@gmail.com<\/span>&gt;\r\nDate:   Sat Oct 15 22:41:16 2016 +0100\r\n\r\n    update\r\n\r\ncommit 9521a0bf65556438dc2297f53d3bdb1bcd4cb263\r\nAuthor: felix001 &lt;<span id=\"cloak1f8211068689c604f21febe09248753b\">rick@gmail.com<\/span>&gt;\r\nDate:   Sat Oct 15 22:38:59 2016 +0100\r\n\r\n    update\r\n\r\ncommit 8f18326957258c8c1334630cd9078317a7fad9b1\r\nAuthor: felix001 &lt;<span id=\"cloak8edc879040e8c527106b9fb422cbfa01\">rick@gmail.com<\/span>&gt;\r\nDate:   Fri Oct 14 21:40:53 2016 +0100\r\n\r\n    add file<\/pre>\n<p>This is a powerful command with a number of options, here are some further examples,<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-condensed table-borderless table-minimal\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git log<\/span><\/td>\n<td>show the commit history; contains the commit ids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git log -5<\/span><\/td>\n<td>show the last 5 git commits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git log &#8211;author=felix001<\/span><\/td>\n<td>show logs, filtered by author<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git log &#8211;pretty=oneline<\/span><\/td>\n<td>compress each commit onto a single line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git log &#8211;graph &#8211;oneline &#8211;decorate &#8211;all<\/span><\/td>\n<td>print the commit history as a funky ASCII graph<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diff\"><\/span>Diff<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Differences can be viewed between staging, commits, the working tree using the <span class=\"codeinline\">git diff<\/span> command.<br \/>\nHowever a summary can be display via the <span class=\"codeinline\">git status<\/span> command.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"prettyprint\">$ git status\r\nOn branch master\r\nYour branch is ahead of 'origin\/master' by 5 commits.\r\n  (use \"git push\" to publish your local commits)\r\nChanges not staged for commit:\r\n  (use \"git add ...\" to update what will be committed)\r\n  (use \"git checkout -- ...\" to discard changes in working directory)\r\n\r\n\tmodified:   test_file_b\r\n\r\nUntracked files:\r\n  (use \"git add ...\" to include in what will be committed)\r\n\r\n\ttest_file_a\r\n\ttest_file_c\r\n\r\nno changes added to commit (use \"git add\" and\/or \"git commit -a\")<\/pre>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at the various options within <span class=\"codeinline\">git diff<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-condensed table-borderless table-minimal\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git diff<\/span><\/td>\n<td>diff between\u00a0working directory and staging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git diff &#8211;color &lt;filename&gt;<\/span><\/td>\n<td>diff between working directory and staging, single file<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git diff &#8211;color &#8211;staged &lt;commit_id&gt;<\/span><\/td>\n<td>diff between staging and last commit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git diff &#8211;color &lt;commit_id&gt;<\/span><\/td>\n<td>diff between last commit and working directory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git diff &lt;commit_id&gt; &lt;commit_id&gt; &lt;file_name&gt;<\/span><\/td>\n<td>diff between 2 commits same branch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git diff origin\/master master<\/span><\/td>\n<td>diff between remote branch and local branch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git diff origin\/master master &lt;filename&gt;<\/span><\/td>\n<td>diff between remote branch and local branch, single file<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span class=\"uk-badge\">Tip<\/span>To obtain the commit id use the <span class=\"codeinline\">git log<\/span> command.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stash\"><\/span>Stash<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There may be a time where you have made a number of changes on your code, but you need to quickly revert back and reapply these changes at a later date. Git stash takes the modified tracked files, stages changes and saves them on a stack that can be reapplied at any time.<\/p>\n<p>The key commands to remember are,<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-condensed table-borderless table-minimal\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git stash<\/span><\/td>\n<td>stash changes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git stash list<\/span><\/td>\n<td>show list of stashes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"codeinline\">git stash pop<\/span><\/td>\n<td>reapply the last stash<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>[1] <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Git\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Git<\/a><br \/>\n[2] <a href=\"http:\/\/rogerdudler.github.io\/git-guide\/\">http:\/\/rogerdudler.github.io\/git-guide\/<\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Additional_Resources\"><\/span>Additional Resources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ohshitgit.com\/?utm_source=codropscollective\u00c2\">http:\/\/ohshitgit.com\/?utm_source=codropscollective\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Git? Git is a version control system that is used for software development and other version control tasks. As a distributed revision control system it is aimed at speed, data integrity, and support for distributed, non-linear workflows[1]. Create Repository To create a new repository, the command git init is used, within your directory. &#8230; <a title=\"A Beginners Guide to Git\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fir3net.com\/UNIX\/Linux\/a-beginners-guide-to-git.html\" aria-label=\"Read more about A Beginners Guide to Git\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1033,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Beginners Guide to Git - Fir3net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is Git? 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